A-level经济A_高分学习笔记：市场结构——价格歧视

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A-level经济A_高分学习笔记：市场结构——价格歧视

今天带给大家A-level经济笔记是：

第九章：Market Structure 1 市场结构1——Price Discrimination 价格歧视

Racial discrimination is defined as a situation where a certain race is discriminated against for no other reason than the fact that they are a different race. Price discrimination is a situation where certain consumers are discriminated against. Whereas in perfect competition, all firms charge exactly the same price, a monopolist (or a firm with monopolistic power) can charge different prices to different consumers even though the cost to the firm is exactly the same.

examples fall into three categories. First, those associated with different times (e.g. different phone charges and rail tickets prices at peak and off-peak times). Secondly, those associated with different locations (e.g. car prices are higher, in general, in the UK compared with the rest of the European Union). Finally, those associated with different incomes (e.g. the lower prices paid by the young, old, unemployed and students at cinemas and hairdressers).

种族歧视被定义为某一种族受到歧视的情况，其原因不外乎是他们是不同的种族。价格歧视是指某些消费者受到歧视的情况。在完全竞争中，所有公司的价格完全相同，而垄断者（或具有垄断能力的公司）可以向不同的消费者收取不同的价格，尽管公司的成本完全相同。

这方面的例子可分为三类。第一，与不同时间相关的价格（例如，高峰期和非高峰期的不同电话费和火车票价格）。第二，与不同地点有关的（例如，与欧盟其他国家相比，英国的汽车价格普遍较高）。最后，与不同收入相关的（例如，年轻人、老年人、失业者和学生在电影院和美发店支付的价格较低）。

A-level经济A_高分学习笔记：市场结构——价格歧视

In a slightly more subtle way, price discrimination is also happening if a good has the same price for everybody, even if the costs vary between consumers (e.g. the price of a first class stamp is the same for everybody however far the letter has to travel in the UK).

Note that price discrimination should not be confused with price differentiation. This is where prices do differ, but they reflect different costs of production. As we shall see shortly, air travel is an example of price discrimination. First class passengers pay a much higher price. Obviously the cost of this service is also much higher, but given that the price can be up to 10 times higher, do you think that the costs are 10 times higher?

以一种稍微微妙的方式，如果一种商品对每个人都有相同的价格，即使消费者之间的成本不同，价格歧视也会发生（例如，无论信件在英国要走多远，每个人的头等邮票价格都是一样的）。

请注意，价格歧视不应该与价格差异化相混淆。这是指价格确实不同，但它们反映了不同的生产成本。我们很快就会看到，航空旅行是价格歧视的一个例子。头等舱的乘客支付的价格要高得多。显然，这种服务的成本也高得多，但鉴于价格可能高达十倍，你认为成本会高十倍吗？

A-level经济A_高分学习笔记：市场结构——价格歧视

The conditions required for effective price discrimination 有效的价格歧视所需的条件

  1. The firm in question must have some market power. This does not mean that the firm must be a monopolist, but an element of monopolistic power would be useful.
  2. The firm must be able to separate the market. Phone companies can do this easily. If you make a call after 6pm then it is off-peak. At 5.55pm you are charged at a higher rate. It is easy for them to keep 'peak' and 'off-peak' separate. Other markets are more difficult to separate. Everyone knows that Levi's 501 jeans are cheaper in America than in the UK. The markets are separate, though, because most people will not spend ￡200 on a return flight to New York to save ￡20 on a pair of jeans. A couple of years ago, though, Asda managed to get a consignment of jeans at a reduced price, and started to undercut the regular fashion shops in the UK. The markets were no longer separate!
  3. The buyers in the different, separated, sub-markets must have different elasticity's of demand. Also, they should be identifiable by the firm at a reasonable cost. You will see why this is so important in the diagrams below.
  4. The firm must be able to prevent resale of the good or service. Obviously the Levi company failed to do this in the 'Asda' example above.

  1. 有关的公司必须有一定的市场力量。这并不意味着该公司必须是一个垄断者，但垄断力量的因素将是有用的。
  2. 该公司必须有能力分离市场。电话公司可以很容易地做到这一点。如果你在下午6点以后打电话，那么它就是非高峰期。在下午5点55分，你会被收取更高的费用。对他们来说，将 "高峰期 "和 "非高峰期 "分开很容易。其他市场则更难区分。每个人都知道，美国的Levi's 501牛仔裤比英国的要便宜。不过，这两个市场是分开的，因为大多数人不会为了省下20英镑买一条牛仔裤而花200英镑来回纽约的机票。不过，几年前，Asda公司设法以较低的价格获得了一批牛仔裤的托运，并开始在英国的正规时装店中压价。市场不再是独立的了。
  3. 不同的、分离的、子市场中的买家必须有不同的需求弹性。此外，公司应该能够以合理的成本识别他们。你会在下面的图表中看到为什么这一点如此重要。
  4. 公司必须能够防止商品或服务的转售。显然，在上面的 "Asda "例子中，Levi公司没有做到这一点。

今天的Alevel经济笔记就更新到这里，如果大家对Alevel经济学感兴趣可以关注我们，

关于Alevel经济笔记第9章：市场结构1 后续的更新计划如下：

A-level经济A_高分学习笔记：市场结构——价格歧视

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A-level经济A_高分学习笔记：市场结构——价格歧视

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